Type A Behavior Among Business Majors
in Comparison with Art Majors
Stacey K. Siesser
Missouri Western State College
April 31, 1997
Abstract
This study involves comparing Type A behavior between business majors and art majors. The participants were enrolled in either an upper level business class or an upper level art class. There was a total of 47 participants in this study. A survey was given to each f the participants in the study. The survey was 20 questions, and measured the participant for Type A behavior. The surveys were collected and scored by the researcher. After each survey was scored, an independent sample t -test was calculated. The results shown that the null hypothesis (business majors will have more Type A behavior within their personality than art majors) was accepted. t(45) = -2.19, p < .05. The results would have been more reliable, if more participants who were business or art majors were used for this study.
Introduction
Type A behavior is defined by competitive achievement striving, a sense of time urgency, impatience, easily evoked anger and aggression, and rapid speech. A survey will be taken by the participants (Barling and Boswell, 1995).
The Type A behavior pattern is considered to be someone who is competitive with others and themselves, in a hurry, impatient, fast talking, and extremely aggressive. People with the Type A behavior pattern tend to be self-motivating. Type A's tend to focus on fulfilling the standards that they set for themselves. The Type A's evaluate their accomplishments very harshly (Yuen and Kuiper, 1991). Heart disease could be a consequence for Type A's due to their heightened levels of stress that they put on themselves. The aggressive, competitive, and achievement driven behaviors are all maladaptive coping styles that Type A's use in stressful situations. One reason these coping styles are used is to minimizes negative self-evaluations (Martin, Kuiper and Westra, 1989).
Depression could arise in an individual with Type A personality if they feel that their achievements do not keep exceeding, and becoming even greater than their last achievement. Type A individual will have an increase in their stress level due to the lack of satisfaction with oneself and the relationship with others. When a Type A individual perceives another individual as more hostile or aggressive, the Type A individual may not socially interact with that individual. In fact, the Type A individual who perceives the another individual as more hostile or aggressive may cause an increase in the use of the Type A's dominant and aggressive behaviors. A decrease in social interaction may be caused by Type A's predetermining a negative opinion of another (Yuen and Kuiper, 1991). Some Type A individuals set goals that in reality are unreachable and rules that are to the extreme. These individuals evaluate themselves by whether or not they reach their goals. If the individual with the Type A behavior pattern does not reach his/her goals that they set for themselves, they perceive themselves negatively, and feel like no one else will respect them. If they do meet the goals that they set for themselves, they have a very positive view of themselves, and will feel as if they have the respect of others. The self-esteem of the Type A individual is threatened, if the standards set by the individual is not met. Maladaptive coping styles come into play when the individual views his/her self negatively. One coping style known to Type A's is the compulsive working habits. The individual that tends to work 24 hours/7 days a week are attempting to meet some sort of standard that they set for themselves (Martin, Kuiper and Westra).
There are two main factors about an individual who obtains the Type A personality trait that makes the Type A individual a good worker. Achievement striving and impatience-irritability are the two factors that provide a consistent prediction of work performance. In a more recent study, there are three dimensions of the two main factors (achievement striving, and impatience-irritability) that have shown that the two factors do directly reflect the Type A behavior pattern. The three dimensions consist of speed and impatience, hard-driving and competitiveness, and job involvement (Barling and Boswell, 1995).
Methods
Participants
The participants for this study are undergraduate students that attend Missouri Western State College in the Northwestern part of Missouri. These students will be enrolled in either an upper level business or an upper level art class. This study included 47 participants. The gender and age of the participants will not be controlled for this study, and will not be known.
Apparatus
The equipment for this study will include a 20 question survey. This survey will be handed out to each student in the business and art classes that participate to answer as it applies to them. The survey will be set up with pairs of contrasting behaviors. A scale from 1 to 7 will be placed between the two contrasting behaviors, and the participants will answer each question by rating how well that behavior applies to them.
Procedure
The survey will be handed out to each participant in the business and art classes that participate in this study. The researcher will read all of the participants the directions for the survey. Each participant will answer the survey using their own opinions. When the participants are finished answering the survey, the researcher will pick them up, and score each individual survey. When the results of the survey are scored, the individual survey will be placed in a category of either Type A which scores a 90 or above or Not Type A which scores an 89 or below. The researcher will take the data and complete an independent sample t-test to compare business majors and art majors for Type A behavior. The business and art majors will be the independent variable and the Type A behavior will be the dependent variable in the study. The null hypothesis for this study is that the business majors will have more Type A behavior within their personality than art majors. The alternative hypothesis is that the art majors will have more Type A behavior within their personality than business majors.
Results
The study involved comparing Type A behavior of business majors and art majors. The results of this study were calculated using an independent sample t-test. The results were found to be significant. t(45) = -2.19, p < .05. Art majors had a standard deviation of 17.98 and an average of 83.1 percent of Type A behavior within their personality. Business majors had a standard deviation of 15.56 and an average of 93.9 percent of Type A behavior within their personality. The results show that business majors do have more Type A behavior within their personality than art majors.
Discussion
The results of this study accepted the null hypothesis. The results revealed that business majors do have more Type A behavior within their personality than art majors. The limitations of this study was that the classes that participated were upper level business and art classes but all the students in the classes may not be strictly business or art majors. One business class and two art classes were chosen to participate in this study. The three classes allowed this study to have a total of 47 participants. For future research, there are two recommendations for more reliable results. First, use several upper level classes from both the business and art departments, and secondly, ask the participants in the class if they are either business or art majors. If they are not business or art majors, do not use them as participants for this study. There were only three classes involved in this study which gave a total of 47 participants, and I do not think that there were enough participants to generalize the results of this study to any other situation.
References
Barling, J., & Boswell, R. (1995). Work Performance and the Achievement-Strivings and Impatience-Irritability Dimensions of Type A Behaviour. Applied Psychology Journal: An International Review, 44, 144-146.
Martin, R. A., Kuiper, N. A., & Westra, H. A. (1989). Cognitive and Affective Components of the Type A Behavior Pattern: Preliminary Evidence for a Self-Worth Contingency Model. Personal Individual Differences, 10 ., 771-773, 781.
Yuen, S. A., & Kuiper, N. A. (1991). Cognitive and Affective Components of the Type A Hostility Dimension. Personal Individual Differences, 12, 173-174, 181-182.
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