Acceptable Levels of Nudity: How the Perception of Body Covering Effects Acceptability of Nudity

Ronald L. Kinsey
Missouri Western State College
December 5, 1995

Abstract

Examined the effect of paint on nude female models with regard to the perception of nudity. Using 30 subjects 16 female and 14 male ranging in age from 18-65 the study measured the subjects perception of pictures of nude women. The pictures were scored on a scale from 1-10 with 1 being lest acceptable. The subject were randomly assigned to one of two conditions, knowing of the body paint and not knowing of it. There was no significance found between knowing whether a model was painted or not. There was a slight significance found between the nude models and the models who were painted. Female subjects gave lower scores of acceptability overall then male subjects.


Introduction

The purpose of this study is to look at the differences in the perception of body covering as compared to nudity. Primarily, is paint an acceptable body covering in regard to television (TV) or printed material.

The reason this topic was chosen is due to a show that aired on national TV. The show was Entertainment Tonight and in October of 1995 it aired an interview with a nude model. It would seem that this was possible because the model was painted. The interview lasted several minutes and had unedited side and frontal views. I believed this was all seen as acceptable because everyone watching the interview perceived the woman as being covered, therefore not nude. Even when the interviewer spoke of the paint and an artist did touch up on one breast that was smudged, no one cared that she was really not wearing anything. On the other hand, in November 1995 the show 60 minutes was blasted by the media all over the nation for showing an unedited film clip of Julie Andrews exposing her breasts for two seconds. What was the difference between the two women exposing their breasts on national television during prime time? I believe it was the perception that one woman was covered in some way. However, would this still be true if flesh colored paint was used or tattoos? What effects our judgment of what is nude or not? Does paint really cover a woman adequately for today's social standards?

Is body paint sufficient covering to allow a person to be in public with no clothing? In today's society we are confused at times as to what is acceptable when it comes to covering ourselves in public. Nudity has become more common on television and in magazines then ever before. So, is there a point where an individual is able to be seen as being properly clothed or concealed, as it would apply to the three main areas of anatomy. The three areas of the human body that are seen as taboos are the breast nipples, pubic region, and buttocks' cleavage. However, there has been a movement in American advertising to slowly desensitize society to these last areas of human anatomy.

In a study by Michael LaTour (1990) were he studied female nudity in advertising, it was seen as not totally acceptable to have explicit nudity associated with many products. Also, as many studies have shown women score lower on arousal and approval of any nudity (Winick, & Evans 1994, LaTour, Pitts,& Snooker-Luther 1990). Furthermore, Alexander and Judd (1986) studied directly the differences in attitudes towards nudity by male and female subjects and found that women are not as effected by nudity as men seem to be. In fact, women are turned off by explicit female nudity.

In a study of nudity were pupil dilation was used to measure arousal, (Hamel 1974) it was found that female subjects are less aroused by nudity then male subjects. Hamel used 2 male and 2 female models in his study of arousal and had them photographed in different stages of undressing. His findings are not unusual for research on nudity. Women find nudity less arousing then men, especially female nudity.

Methods

Subjects

In this study 30 subjects were used, 15 for each of the two conditions. All of the subjects were over 18 years old due to ethical and legal considerations. Subjects were taken from the population of a medium sized midwestern town. The subjects ranged in age from 18 to 65. There were 16 female and 14 male subjects and the education varied from GEDs to college graduates. Also, all of the subjects had indicated that they had looked at an adult magazine at some point in their life. Finally, the subjects in the study were only those who stayed after being informed of the use of nudity in the procedure.

Materials

For this study 14 color copies made from pictures of female models were used. Also, a questioner was given to each subject to fill out on each picture to measure the levels of acceptable nudity for each model in a particular situation. The pictures were taken from several different adult magazines (Playboy, & Club) and a deck of nude women playing cards. Also, there were three pictures of women who's bodies have been painted to look like coverings of different types (Esquire, Varga girls) and one picture of a woman in traditional lingerie (Frederick's catalog).

Care was taken to match the same levels of nudity and pose for each comparison group of pictures. The pictures were placed in four groups of three and one of two according to nudity and pose. Furthermore, certain areas of the female anatomy were excluded from the study (pubic region and buttocks' cleavage) due to the conservative nature of the community were the study was conducted.

Procedure

In this study 4 subjects were studied in each group. The groups were randomly assigned to one of two conditions, those who were informed of the models wearing body paint (A) and those who were not (B). Each group was shown the same pictures in the same grouping in random order. The same survey was given to each subject before the experiment began to be filled out during the procedure. The subjects were given a briefing before any picture was shown as to the nature of the pictures. After the briefing any subject who does not wish to participate was allowed to leave.

The pictures were put in order of similarity of pose and nudity, one with body paint and two without. The pictures were shown in these groups of three for each subject in every group. The picture of a woman wearing lingerie was used with one group of pictures to see if the subjects would score it differently from group A or B and to be compared to the women who were painted.

The survey asked the subject to rate each picture as to its' level of acceptability to 8 different situations. The scoring was on a scale from 1-10 with 1 being least acceptable. Demographic questions were included in the survey with regard to religion, sex, age, and personal comfort with the experiment, and having seen adult magazines.


Results

A 2x2 mixed design ANOVA was used to compare the two conditions to question 8. Only question 8 (rate the picture as it is now) was used for this report due to the limited sample size. In this study it was found that there was no significant difference between conditions as to whether the subjects were aware of the body paint or not f(1,28)=.56,p>.05. So, there was no statistically significant difference between groups A & B for the pictures of painted women. Furthermore, the picture of the model wearing lingerie was found to not be significantly different to the models who were painted. Finally, there was a significant difference between that of the nude models and the Varga girls,(painted).


Discussion

I believe the resulting non significant findings were due to a limited sample of the population. With more time and recourses I believe that a population sample of 140 subjects per question on the survey would result in findings of greater significance between the Varga girls and that of nudity uncovered. However, I can not dismiss the possibility that just the perception of body covering is adequate for 2 dimensional material (TV, pictures). It made no difference whether a person knew that a particular model was painted or not. To the subjects of the study a woman who is painted to look as if she is dressed is seen the same as a woman wearing lingerie. The perception of paint as clothing is most likely only due to the two dimensional nature of the materials. Some how the Varga girl photos were not considered nude just because of paint.

I believe a study involving live models could be conducted to test the possibility that paint is simply an optical illusion in 2 dimension. Also, greater control over similarity of nudity and pose could be taken by using the same models for each picture group. The use of male models was not possible in this study due to the nature of the study and the difference in attitudes about the acceptable nudity of males. Also, it is easy to tell if a male is painted.

In conclusion, the finding that people accept body paint as acceptable body covering was surprising. It was not surprising that women rate any nudity of women less acceptable then do men. What does it say of our perception of the human body when a thin coat of pain is adequate covering of the body for TV and magazines ? I was expecting to find that body painting would be seen as an attempt to fool the publics' perception, to my amazement I see that the method works. The Varga girl pictures are not in any adult magazine. They are in a magazine any one, even a minor, can purchase. So, does it make it right that the model is painted?


References

Alexander, Wayne M., Judd, Ben B. (1986). Differences in Attitudes Toward Nudity in Advertising. Psychology a Quarterly Journal of Human Behavior 23, 26-29.
Hamel, Robert F. (1974). Female Subjects and Pupillary Reaction to Nude Male and Female Figures. Journal of Psychology 87(2), 171-175.
LaTour, Michael S. (1990). Female Nudity in Print Advertising: An Analysis of Gender Differences in Arousal and ad Response. Psychology and Marketing 7, 65-81.
LaTour, Michael S., Henhorne, Tony L. (1994). Female Nudity in Advertising, Arousal and Response: A Parsimonious Extension. Psychological Reports 73, 683-1690.
LaTour, Michael S., Pitts, Robert E., & Snook-Luther, David C. (1990). Female Nudity, Arousal and Response: An Experimental Investigation. Journal of Advertising 19, 51-62
Markee, Nancy L., Cary, Inez L., & Pendersen, Ellen L. (1990). Body Cathexis and Clothed Body Cathexis: Is there a Difference? Perceptual and Motor Skills 7, 1239-1244.
Winick, Charles, & Evans, John T. (1994). Is there a National Standard with Respect to Attitudes Toward Sexually Explicit Media Material? Archives of Sexual Behavior 23, 405-419.

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